unitednationsconventiononcontractsfortheinternationalsaleofgoods--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
thestatespartiestothisconvention,bearinginmindthebroadobjectivesintheresolutionsadoptedbythesixthspecialsessionofthegeneralassemblyoftheunitednationsontheestablishmentofanewinternationaleconomicorder,consideringthatthedevelopmentofinternationaltradeonthebasisofequalityandmutualbenefitisanimportantelementinpromotingfriendlyrelationsamongstates,beingoftheopinionthattheadoptionofuniformruleswhichgoverncontractsfortheinternationalsaleofgoodsandtakeintoaccountthedifferentsocial,economicandlegalsystemswouldcontributetotheremovaloflegalbarriersininternationaltradeandpromotethedevelopmentofinternationaltrade,havedecreedasfollows:partisphereofapplicationandgeneralprovisionspartiiformationofthecontractpartiiisaleofgoodspartivfinalprovisions
partisphereofapplicationandgeneralprovisionschapterisphereofapplicationarticle1(1)thisconventionappliestocon
tractsofsaleofgoodsbetweenpartieswhoseplacesofbusinessareindifferentstates:(a)whenthestatesarecontractingstates;or(b)whentherulesofprivateinternationallawleadtotheapplicationofthelawofacontractingstate.(2)thefactthatthepartieshavetheirplacesofbusinessindifferentstatesistobedisregardedwheneverthisfactdoesnotappeareitherfromthecontractorfromanydealingsbetween,orfrominformationdisclosedby,thepartiesatanytimebeforeorattheconclusionofthecontract.(3)neitherthenationalityofthepartiesnorthecivilorcommercialcharacterofthepartiesorofthecontractistobetakenintoconsiderationindeterminingtheapplicationofthisconvention.article2thisconventiondoesnotapplytosales:(a)ofgoodsboughtforpersonal,familyorhouseholduse,unlesstheseller,atanytimebeforeorattheconclusionofthecontract,neitherknewnoroughttohaveknownthatthegoodswereboughtforanysuchuse;(b)byauction;(c)onexecutionorotherwisebyauthorityoflaw;(d)ofstocks,shares,investmentsecurities,negotiableinstrumentsormoney;(e)ofships,vessels,hovercraftoraircraft;(f)of
electricity.article3(1)contractsforthesupplyofgoodstobemanufacturedorproducedaretobeconsideredsalesunlessthepartywhoordersthegoodsundertakestosupplyasubstantialpartofthematerialsnecessaryforsuchmanufactureorproduction.(2)thisconventiondoesnotapplytocontractsinwhichthepreponderantpartoftheobligationsofthepartywhofurnishesthegoodsconsistsinthesupplyoflabourorotherservices.article4thisconventiongovernsonlytheformationofthecontractofsaleandtherightsandobligationsofthesellerandthebuyerarisingfromsuchacontract.inparticular,exceptasotherwiseexpresslyprovidedinthisconvention,itisnotconcernedwith:(a)thevalidityofthecontractorofanyofitsprovisionsorofanyusage;(b)theeffectwhichthecontractmayhaveonthepropertyinthegoodssold.article5thisconventiondoesnotapplytotheliabilityofthesellerfordeathorpersonalinjurycausedbythegoodstoanyperson.article6thepartiesmayexcludetheapplicationofthisconventionor,subjecttoarticle12,derogatefromorvarytheeffectofanyofitsprovisions.chapteriigeneralprovisionsarticle7(1)inth
einterpretationofthisconvention,regardistobehadtoitsinternationalcharacterandtotheneedtopromoteuniformityinitsapplicationandtheobservanceofgoodfaithininternationaltrade.(2)questionsconcerningmattersgovernedbythisconventionwhicharenotexpresslysettledinitaretobesettledinconformitywiththegeneralprinciplesonwhichitisbasedor,intheabsenceofsuchprinciples,inconformitywiththelawapplicablebyvirtueoftherulesofprivateinternationallaw.article8(1)forthepurposesofthisconventionstatementsmadebyandotherconductofapartyaretobeinterpretedaccordingtohisintentwheretheotherpartykneworcouldnothavebeenunawarewhatthatintentwas.(2)iftheprecedingparagraphisnotapplicable,statementsmadebyandotherconductofapartyaretobeinterpretedaccordingtotheunderstandingthatareasonablepersonofthesamekindastheotherpartywouldhavehadinthesamecircumstances.(3)indeterminingtheintentofapartyortheunderstandingareasonablepersonwouldhavehad,dueconsiderationistobegiventoallrelevantcircumstancesofthecaseincludingthenegotiations,anypractices
whichthepartieshaveestablishedbetweenthemselves,usagesandanysubsequentconductoftheparties.article9(1)thepartiesareboundbyanyusagetowhichtheyhaveagreedandbyanypracticeswhichtheyhaveestablishedbetweenthemselves.(2)thepartiesareconsidered,unlessotherwiseagreed,tohaveimpliedlymadeapplicabletotheircontractoritsformationausageofwhichthepartieskneworoughttohaveknownandwhichininternationaltradeiswidelyknownto,andregularlyobservedby,partiestocontractsofthetypeinvolvedintheparticulartradeconcerned.article10forthepurposesofthisconvention:(a)ifapartyhasmorethanoneplaceofbusiness,theplaceofbusinessisthatwhichhastheclosestrelationshiptothecontractanditsperformance,havingregardtothecircumstancesknowntoorcontemplatedbythepartiesatanytimebeforeorattheconclusionofthecontract;(b)ifapartydoesnothaveaplaceofbusiness,referenceistobemadetohishabitualresidence.article11acontractofsaleneednotbeconcludedinorevidencedbywritingandisnotsubjecttoanyotherrequirementastoform.itmaybeprovedbyanymeans,includingwitnesses
article12anyprovisionofarticle11,article29orpartiiofthisconventionthatallowsacontractofsaleoritsmodificationorterminationbyagreementoranyoffer,acceptanceorotherindicationofintentiontobemadeinanyformotherthaninwritingdoesnotapplywhereanypartyhashisplaceofbusinessinacontractingstatewhichhasmadeadeclarationunderarticle96ofthisconvention.thepartiesmaynotderogatefromorvarytheeffectorthisarticle.article13forthepurposesofthisconvention"writing"includestelegramandtelex.partiiformationofthecontractarticle14(1)aproposalforconcludingacontractaddressedtooneormorespecificpersonsconstitutesanofferifitissufficientlydefiniteandindicatestheintentionoftheofferortobeboundincaseofacceptance.aproposalissufficientlydefiniteifitindicatesthegoodsandexpresslyorimplicitlyfixesormakesprovisionfordeterminingthequantityandtheprice.(2)aproposalotherthanoneaddressedtooneormorespecificpersonsistobeconsideredmerelyasaninvitationtomakeoffers,unlessthecontraryisclearlyindicatedbythepersonmakingtheproposal.article15(1)
nofferbecomeseffectivewhenitreachestheofferee.(2)anoffer,evenifitisirrevocable,maybewithdrawnifthewithdrawalreachestheoffereebeforeoratthesametimeastheoffer.article16(1)untilacontractisconcludedanoffermayberevokediftherevocationreachestheoffereebeforehehasdispatchedanacceptance.(2)however,anoffercannotberevoked:(a)ifitindicates,whetherbystatingafixedtimeforacceptanceorotherwise,thatitisirrevocable;or(b)ifitwasreasonablefortheoffereetorelyontheofferasbeingirrevocableandtheoffereehasactedinrelianceontheoffer.article17anoffer,evenifitisirrevocable,isterminatedwhenarejectionreachestheofferor.article18(1)astatementmadebyorotherconductoftheoffereeindicatingassenttoanofferisanacceptance.silenceorinactivitydoesnotinitselfamounttoacceptance.(2)anacceptanceofanofferbecomeseffectiveatthemomenttheindicationofassentreachestheofferor.anacceptanceisnoteffectiveiftheindicationofassentdoesnotreachtheofferorwithinthetimehehasfixedor,ifnotimeisfixed,withinareasonabletime,dueaccountbeingtakenofthecircumst
ancesofthetransaction,includingtherapidityofthemeansofcommunicationemployedbytheofferor.anoraloffermustbeacceptedimmediatelyunlessthecircumstancesindicateotherwise.(3)however,if,byvirtueoftheofferorasaresultofpracticeswhichthepartieshaveestablishedbetweenthemselvesorofusage,theoffereemayindicateassentbyperforminganact,suchasonerelatingtothedispatchofthegoodsorpaymentoftheprice,withoutnoticetotheofferor,theacceptanceiseffectiveatthemomenttheactisperformed,providedthattheactisperformedwithintheperiodoftimelaiddownintheprecedingparagraph.article19(1)areplytoanofferwhichpurportstobeanacceptancebutcontainsadditions,limitationsorothermodificationsisarejectionoftheofferandconstitutesacounter-offer.(2)however,areplytoanofferwhichpurportstobeanacceptancebutcontainsadditionalordifferenttermswhichdonotmateriallyalterthetermsoftheofferconstitutesanacceptance,unlesstheofferor,withoutunduedelay,objectsorallytothediscrepancyordispatchesanoticetothateffect.ifhedoesnotsoobject,thetermsofthecontractaret
hetermsoftheofferwiththemodificationscontainedintheacceptance.(3)additionalordifferenttermsrelating,amongotherthings,totheprice,payment,qualityandquantityofthegoods,placeandtimeofdelivery,extentofoneparty'sliabilitytotheotherorthesettlementofdisputesareconsideredtoalterthetermsoftheoffermaterially.article20(1)aperiodoftimeforacceptancefixedbytheofferorinatelegramoraletterbeginstorunfromthemomentthetelegramishandedinfordispatchorfromthedateshownontheletteror,ifnosuchdateisshown,fromthedateshownontheenvelope.aperiodoftimeforacceptancefixedbytheofferorbytelephone,telexorothermeansofinstantaneouscommunication,beginstorunfromthemomentthattheofferreachestheofferee.(2)officialholidaysornon-businessdaysoccurringduringtheperiodforacceptanceareincludedincalculatingtheperiod.however,ifanoticeofacceptancecannotbedeliveredattheaddressoftheofferoronthelastdayoftheperiodbecausethatdayfallsonanofficialholidayoranon-businessdayattheplaceofbusinessoftheofferor,theperiodisextendeduntilthefirstbusinessday
whichfollows.article21(1)alateacceptanceisneverthelesseffectiveasanacceptanceifwithoutdelaytheofferororallysoinformstheoffereeordispatchesanoticetothateffect.(2)ifaletterorotherwritingcontainingalateacceptanceshowsthatithasbeensentinsuchcircumstancesthatifitstransmissionhadbeennormalitwouldhavereachedtheofferorinduetime,thelateacceptanceiseffectiveasanacceptanceunless,withoutdelay,theofferororallyinformstheoffereethatheconsidershisofferashavinglapsedordispatchesanoticetothateffect.article22anacceptancemaybewithdrawnifthewithdrawalreachestheofferorbeforeoratthesametimeastheacceptancewouldhavebecomeeffective.article23acontractisconcludedatthemomentwhenanacceptanceofanofferbecomeseffectiveinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthisconvention.article24forthepurposesofthispartoftheconvention,anoffer,declarationofacceptanceoranyotherindicationofintention"reaches"theaddresseewhenitismadeorallytohimordeliveredbyanyothermeanstohimpersonally,tohisplaceofbusinessormailingaddressor,ifhedoesnothaveaplaceof
businessormailingaddress,tohishabitualresidence.
partiiisaleofgoodschapterigeneralprovisionsarticle25abreachofcontractcommittedbyoneofthepartiesisfundamentalifitresultsinsuchdetrimenttotheotherpartyassubstantiallytodeprivehimofwhatheisentitledtoexpectunderthecontract,unlessthepartyinbreachdidnotforeseeandareasonablepersonofthesamekindinthesamecircumstanceswouldnothaveforeseensucharesult.article26adeclarationofavoidanceofthecontractiseffectiveonlyifmadebynoticetotheotherparty.article27unlessotherwiseexpresslyprovidedinthispartoftheconvention,ifanynotice,requestorothercommunicationisgivenormadebyapartyinaccordancewiththispartandbymeansappropriateinthecircumstances,adelayorerrorinthetransmissionofthecommunicationoritsfailuretoarrivedoesnotdeprivethatpartyoftherighttorelyonthecommunication.article28if,inaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthisconvention,onepartyisentitledtorequireperformanceofanyobligationbytheotherparty,acourtisnotboundtoenterajudgementforspecificperformanceunlessthecourtwoul
ddosounderitsownlawinrespectofsimilarcontractsofsalenotgovernedbythisconvention.article29(1)acontractmaybemodifiedorterminatedbythemereagreementoftheparties.(2)acontractinwritingwhichcontainsaprovisionrequiringanymodificationorterminationbyagreementtobeinwritingmaynotbeotherwisemodifiedorterminatedbyagreement.however,apartymaybeprecludedbyhisconductfromassertingsuchaprovisiontotheextentthattheotherpartyhasreliedonthatconduct.chapteriiobligationsofthesellerarticle30thesellermustdeliverthegoods,handoveranydocumentsrelatingtothemandtransferthepropertyinthegoods,asrequiredbythecontractandthisconvention.sectioni.deliveryofthegoodsandhandingoverofdocumentsarticle31ifthesellerisnotboundtodeliverthegoodsatanyotherparticularplace,hisobligationtodeliverconsists:(a)ifthecontractofsaleinvolvescarriageofthegoods-inhandingthegoodsovertothefirstcarrierfortransmissiontothebuyer;(b)if,incasesnotwithintheprecedingsubparagraph,thecontractrelatestospecificgoods,orunidentifiedgoodstobedrawnfromaspecificsto
ckortobemanufacturedorproduced,andatthetimeoftheconclusionofthecontractthepartiesknewthatthegoodswereat,orweretobemanufacturedorproducedat,aparticularplace-inplacingthegoodsatthebuyer'sdisposalatthatplace;(c)inothercases-inplacingthegoodsatthebuyer'sdisposalattheplacewherethesellerhadhisplaceofbusinessatthetimeoftheconclusionofthecontract.article32(1)iftheseller,inaccordancewiththecontractorthisconvention,handsthegoodsovertoacarrierandifthegoodsarenotclearlyidentifiedtothecontractbymarkingsonthegoods,byshippingdocumentsorotherwise,thesellermustgivethebuyernoticeoftheconsignmentspecifyingthegoods.(2)ifthesellerisboundtoarrangeforcarriageofthegoods,hemustmakesuchcontractsasarenecessaryforcarriagetotheplacefixedbymeansoftransportationappropriateinthecircumstancesandaccordingtotheusualtermsforsuchtransportation.(3)ifthesellerisnotboundtoeffectinsuranceinrespectofthecarriageofthegoods,hemust,atthebuyer'srequest,providehimwithallavailableinformationnecessarytoenablehimtoeffectsuchinsurance.a
rticle33thesellermustdeliverthegoods:(a)ifadateisfixedbyordeterminablefromthecontract,onthatdate;(b)ifaperiodoftimeisfixedbyordeterminablefromthecontract,atanytimewithinthatperiodunlesscircumstancesindicatethatthebuyeristochooseadate;or(c)inanyothercase,withinareasonabletimeaftertheconclusionofthecontract.article34ifthesellerisboundtohandoverdocumentsrelatingtothegoods,hemusthandthemoveratthetimeandplaceandintheformrequiredbythecontract.ifthesellerhashandedoverdocumentsbeforethattime,hemay,uptothattime,cureanylackofconformityinthedocuments,iftheexerciseofthisrightdoesnotcausethebuyerunreasonableinconvenienceorunreasonableexpense.however,thebuyerretainsanyrighttoclaimdamagesasprovidedforinthisconvention.sectionii.conformityofthegoodsandthirdpartyclaimsarticle35(1)thesellermustdelivergoodswhichareofthequantity,qualityanddescriptionrequiredbythecontractandwhicharecontainedorpackagedinthemannerrequiredbythecontract.(2)exceptwherethepartieshaveagreedotherwise,thegoodsdonotconformwiththecont
ractunlessthey:(a)arefitforthepurposesforwhichgoodsofthesamedescriptionwouldordinarilybeused;(b)arefitforanyparticularpurposeexpresslyorimpliedlymadeknowntotheselleratthetimeoftheconclusionofthecontract,exceptwherethecircumstancesshowthatthebuyerdidnotrely,orthatitwasunreasonableforhimtorely,ontheseller'sskillandjudgement;(c)possessthequalitiesofgoodswhichthesellerhasheldouttothebuyerasasampleormodel;(d)arecontainedorpackagedinthemannerusualforsuchgoodsor,wherethereisnosuchmanner,inamanneradequatetopreserveandprotectthegoods.(3)thesellerisnotliableundersubparagraphs(a)to(d)oftheprecedingparagraphforanylackofconformityofthegoodsifatthetimeoftheconclusionofthecontractthebuyerkneworcouldnothavebeenunawareofsuchlackofconformity.article36(1)thesellerisliableinaccordancewiththecontractandthisconventionforanylackofconformitywhichexistsatthetimewhentheriskpassestothebuyer,eventhoughthelackofconformitybecomesapparentonlyafterthattime.(2)thesellerisalsoliableforanylackofconformitywhichoccursafte
rthetimeindicatedintheprecedingparagraphandwhichisduetoabreachofanyofhisobligations,includingabreachofanyguaranteethatforaperiodoftimethegoodswillremainfitfortheirordinarypurposeorforsomeparticularpurposeorwillretainspecifiedqualitiesorcharacteristics.article37ifthesellerhasdeliveredgoodsbeforethedatefordelivery,hemay,uptothatdate,deliveranymissingpartormakeupanydeficiencyinthequantityofthegoodsdelivered,ordelivergoodsinreplacementofanynon-conforminggoodsdeliveredorremedyanylackofconformityinthegoodsdelivered,providedthattheexerciseofthisrightdoesnotcausethebuyerunreasonableinconvenienceorunreasonableexpense.however,thebuyerretainsanyrighttoclaimdamagesasprovidedforinthisconvention.article38(1)thebuyermustexaminethegoods,orcausethemtobeexamined,withinasshortaperiodasispracticableinthecircumstances.(2)ifthecontractinvolvescarriageofthegoods,examinationmaybedeferreduntilafterthegoodshavearrivedattheirdestination.(3)ifthegoodsareredirectedintransitorredispatchedbythebuyerwithoutareasonabl
eopportunityforexaminationbyhimandatthetimeoftheconclusionofthecontractthesellerkneworoughttohaveknownofthepossibilityofsuchredirectionorredispatch,examinationmaybedeferreduntilafterthegoodshavearrivedatthenewdestination.article39(1)thebuyerlosestherighttorelyonalackofconformityofthegoodsifhedoesnotgivenoticetothesellerspecifyingthenatureofthelackofconformitywithinareasonabletimeafterhehasdiscovereditoroughttohavediscoveredit.(2)inanyevent,thebuyerlosestherighttorelyonalackofconformityofthegoodsifhedoesnotgivethesellernoticethereofatthelatestwithinaperiodoftwoyearsfromthedateonwhichthegoodswereactuallyhandedovertothebuyer,unlessthistime-limitisinconsistentwithacontractualperiodofguarantee.article40thesellerisnotentitledtorelyontheprovisionsofarticles38and39ifthelackofconformityrelatestofactsofwhichhekneworcouldnothavebeenunawareandwhichhedidnotdisclosetothebuyer.article41thesellermustdelivergoodswhicharefreefromanyrightorclaimofathirdparty,unlessthebuyeragreedtotakethegoodssubjecttotha
trightorclaim.however,ifsuchrightorclaimisbasedonindustrialpropertyorotherintellectualproperty,theseller'sobligationisgovernedbyarticle42.article42(1)thesellermustdelivergoodswhicharefreefromanyrightorclaimofathirdpartybasedonindustrialpropertyorotherintellectualproperty,ofwhichatthetimeoftheconclusionofthecontractthesellerkneworcouldnothavebeenunaware,providedthattherightorclaimisbasedonindustrialpropertyorotherintellectualproperty:(a)underthelawofthestatewherethegoodswillberesoldorotherwiseused,ifitwascontemplatedbythepartiesatthetimeoftheconclusionofthecontractthatthegoodswouldberesoldorotherwiseusedinthatstate;or(b)inanyothercase,underthelawofthestatewherethebuyerhashisplaceofbusiness.(2)theobligationofthesellerundertheprecedingparagraphdoesnotextendtocaseswhere:(a)atthetimeoftheconclusionofthecontractthebuyerkneworcouldnothavebeenunawareoftherightorclaim;or(b)therightorclaimresultsfromtheseller'scompliancewithtechnicaldrawings,designs,formulaeorothersuchspecificationsfurnishedbyth
ebuyer.article43(1)thebuyerlosestherighttorelyontheprovisionsofarticle41orarticle42ifhedoesnotgivenoticetothesellerspecifyingthenatureoftherightorclaimofthethirdpartywithinareasonabletimeafterhehasbecomeawareoroughttohavebecomeawareoftherightorclaim.(2)thesellerisnotentitledtorelyontheprovisionsoftheprecedingparagraphifheknewoftherightorclaimofthethirdpartyandthenatureofit.article44notwithstandingtheprovisionsofparagraph(1)ofarticle39andparagraph(1)ofarticle43,thebuyermayreducethepriceinaccordancewitharticle50orclaimdamages,exceptforlossofprofit,ifhehasareasonableexcuseforhisfailuretogivetherequirednotice.sectioniii.remediesforbreachofcontractbythesellerarticle45(1)ifthesellerfailstoperformanyofhisobligationsunderthecontractorthisconvention,thebuyermay:(a)exercisetherightsprovidedinarticles46to52;(b)claimdamagesasprovidedinarticles74to77.(2)thebuyerisnotdeprivedofanyrighthemayhavetoclaimdamagesbyexercisinghisrighttootherremedies.(3)noperiodofgracemaybegrantedtothesellerbyacourtorarbitr
altribunalwhenthebuyerresortstoaremedyforbreachofcontract.article46(1)thebuyermayrequireperformancebythesellerofhisobligationsunlessthebuyerhasresortedtoaremedywhichisinconsistentwiththisrequirement.(2)ifthegoodsdonotconformwiththecontract,thebuyermayrequiredeliveryofsubstitutegoodsonlyifthelackofconformityconstitutesafundamentalbreachofcontractandarequestforsubstitutegoodsismadeeitherinconjunctionwithnoticegivenunderarticle39orwithinareasonabletimethereafter.(3)ifthegoodsdonotconformwiththecontract,thebuyermayrequirethesellertoremedythelackofconformitybyrepair,unlessthisisunreasonablehavingregardtoallthecircumstances.arequestforrepairmustbemadeeitherinconjunctionwithnoticegivenunderarticle39orwithinareasonabletimethereafter.article47(1)thebuyermayfixanadditionalperiodoftimeofreasonablelengthforperformancebythesellerofhisobligations.(2)unlessthebuyerhasreceivednoticefromthesellerthathewillnotperformwithintheperiodsofixed,thebuyermaynot,duringthatperiod,resorttoanyremedyforbreachofcontr
act.however,thebuyerisnotdeprivedtherebyofanyrighthemayhavetoclaimdamagesfordelayinperformance.article48(1)subjecttoarticle49,thesellermay,evenafterthedatefordelivery,remedyathisownexpenseanyfailuretoperformhisobligations,ifhecandosowithoutunreasonabledelayandwithoutcausingthebuyerunreasonableinconvenienceoruncertaintyofreimbursementbythesellerofexpensesadvancedbythebuyer.however,thebuyerretainsanyrighttoclaimdamagesasprovidedforinthisconvention.(2)ifthesellerrequeststhebuyertomakeknownwhetherhewillacceptperformanceandthebuyerdoesnotcomplywiththerequestwithinareasonabletime,thesellermayperformwithinthetimeindicatedinhisrequest.thebuyermaynot,duringthatperiodoftime,resorttoanyremedywhichisinconsistentwithperformancebytheseller.(3)anoticebythesellerthathewillperformwithinaspecifiedperiodoftimeisassumedtoincludearequest,undertheprecedingparagraph,thatthebuyermakeknownhisdecision.(4)arequestornoticebythesellerunderparagraph(2)or(3)ofthisarticleisnoteffectiveunlessreceivedbythebuyer.article
49(1)thebuyermaydeclarethecontractavoided:(a)ifthefailurebythesellertoperformanyofhisobligationsunderthecontractorthisconventionamountstoafundamentalbreachofcontract;or(b)incaseofnon-delivery,ifthesellerdoesnotdeliverthegoodswithintheadditionalperiodoftimefixedbythebuyerinaccordancewithparagraph(1)ofarticle47ordeclaresthathewillnotdeliverwithintheperiodsofixed.(2)however,incaseswherethesellerhasdeliveredthegoods,thebuyerlosestherighttodeclarethecontractavoidedunlesshedoesso:(a)inrespectoflatedelivery,withinareasonabletimeafterhehasbecomeawarethatdeliveryhasbeenmade;(b)inrespectofanybreachotherthanlatedelivery,withinareasonabletime:(i)afterhekneworoughttohaveknownofthebreach;(ii)aftertheexpirationofanyadditionalperiodoftimefixedbythebuyerinaccordancewithparagraph(1)ofarticle47,orafterthesellerhasdeclaredthathewillnotperformhisobligationswithinsuchanadditionalperiod;or(iii)aftertheexpirationofanyadditionalperiodoftimeindicatedbythesellerinaccordancewithparagraph(2)ofarticle48,oraftertheb
uyerhasdeclaredthathewillnotacceptperformance.article50ifthegoodsdonotconformwiththecontractandwhetherornotthepricehasalreadybeenpaid,thebuyermayreducethepriceinthesameproportionasthevaluethatthegoodsactuallydeliveredhadatthetimeofthedeliverybearstothevaluethatconforminggoodswouldhavehadatthattime.however,ifthesellerremediesanyfailuretoperformhisobligationsinaccordancewitharticle37orarticle48orifthebuyerrefusestoacceptperformancebythesellerinaccordancewiththosearticles,thebuyermaynotreducetheprice.article51(1)ifthesellerdeliversonlyapartofthegoodsorifonlyapartofthegoodsdeliveredisinconformitywiththecontract,articles46to50applyinrespectofthepartwhichismissingorwhichdoesnotconform.(2)thebuyermaydeclarethecontractavoidedinitsentiretyonlyifthefailuretomakedeliverycompletelyorinconformitywiththecontractamountstoafundamentalbreachofthecontract.article52(1)ifthesellerdeliversthegoodsbeforethedatefixed,thebuyermaytakedeliveryorrefusetotakedelivery.(2)ifthesellerdeliversaquantityofgoodsgreatert
hanthatprovidedforinthecontract,thebuyermaytakedeliveryorrefusetotakedeliveryoftheexcessquantity.ifthebuyertakesdeliveryofallorpartoftheexcessquantity,hemustpayforitatthecontractrate.chapteriiiobligationsofthebuyerarticle53thebuyermustpaythepriceforthegoodsandtakedeliveryofthemasrequiredbythecontractandthisconvention.sectioni.paymentofthepricearticle54thebuyer'sobligationtopaythepriceincludestakingsuchstepsandcomplyingwithsuchformalitiesasmayberequiredunderthecontractoranylawsandregulationstoenablepaymenttobemade.article55whereacontracthasbeenvalidlyconcludedbutdoesnotexpresslyorimplicitlyfixormakeprovisionfordeterminingtheprice,thepartiesareconsidered,intheabsenceofanyindicationtothecontrary,tohaveimpliedlymadereferencetothepricegenerallychargedatthetimeoftheconclusionofthecontractforsuchgoodssoldundercomparablecircumstancesinthetradeconcerned.article56ifthepriceisfixedaccordingtotheweightofthegoods,incaseofdoubtitistobedeterminedbythenetweight.article57(1)ifthebuyerisnotboundtopaythe
priceatanyotherparticularplace,hemustpayittotheseller:(a)attheseller'splaceofbusiness;or(b)ifthepaymentistobemadeagainstthehandingoverofthegoodsorofdocuments,attheplacewherethehandingovertakesplace.(2)thesellermustbearanyincreasesintheexpensesincidentaltopaymentwhichiscausedbyachangeinhisplaceofbusinesssubsequenttotheconclusionofthecontract.article58(1)ifthebuyerisnotboundtopaythepriceatanyotherspecifictime,hemustpayitwhenthesellerplaceseitherthegoodsordocumentscontrollingtheirdispositionatthebuyer'sdisposalinaccordancewiththecontractandthisconvention.thesellermaymakesuchpaymentaconditionforhandingoverthegoodsordocuments.(2)ifthecontractinvolvescarriageofthegoods,thesellermaydispatchthegoodsontermswherebythegoods,ordocumentscontrollingtheirdisposition,willnotbehandedovertothebuyerexceptagainstpaymentoftheprice.(3)thebuyerisnotboundtopaythepriceuntilhehashadanopportunitytoexaminethegoods,unlesstheproceduresfordeliveryorpaymentagreeduponbythepartiesareinconsistentwithhishavingsuchanoppor
tunity.article59thebuyermustpaythepriceonthedatefixedbyordeterminablefromthecontractandthisconventionwithouttheneedforanyrequestorcompliancewithanyformalityonthepartoftheseller.sectionii.takingdeliveryarticle60thebuyer'sobligationtotakedeliveryconsists:(a)indoingalltheactswhichcouldreasonablybeexpectedofhiminordertoenablethesellertomakedelivery;and(b)intakingoverthegoods.sectioniii.remediesforbreachofcontractbythebuyerarticle61(1)ifthebuyerfailstoperformanyofhisobligationsunderthecontractorthisconvention,thesellermay:(a)exercisetherightsprovidedinarticles62to65;(b)claimdamagesasprovidedinarticles74to77.(2)thesellerisnotdeprivedofanyrighthemayhavetoclaimdamagesbyexercisinghisrighttootherremedies.(3)noperiodofgracemaybegrantedtothebuyerbyacourtorarbitraltribunalwhenthesellerresortstoaremedyforbreachofcontract.article62thesellermayrequirethebuyertopaytheprice,takedeliveryorperformhisotherobligations,unlessthesellerhasresortedtoaremedywhichisinconsistentwiththisrequirement.article63(1)thes
ellermayfixanadditionalperiodoftimeofreasonablelengthforperformancebythebuyerofhisobligations.(2)unlessthesellerhasreceivednoticefromthebuyerthathewillnotperformwithintheperiodsofixed,thesellermaynot,duringthatperiod,resorttoanyremedyforbreachofcontract.however,thesellerisnotdeprivedtherebyofanyrighthemayhavetoclaimdamagesfordelayinperformance.article64(1)thesellermaydeclarethecontractavoided:(a)ifthefailurebythebuyertoperformanyofhisobligationsunderthecontractorthisconventionamountstoafundamentalbreachofcontract;or(b)ifthebuyerdoesnot,withintheadditionalperiodoftimefixedbythesellerinaccordancewithparagraph(1)ofarticle63,performhisobligationtopaythepriceortakedeliveryofthegoods,orifhedeclaresthathewillnotdosowithintheperiodsofixed.(2)however,incaseswherethebuyerhaspaidtheprice,thesellerlosestherighttodeclarethecontractavoidedunlesshedoesso:(a)inrespectoflateperformancebythebuyer,beforethesellerhasbecomeawarethatperformancehasbeenrendered;or(b)inrespectofanybreachotherthanlateperformanc
ebythebuyer,withinareasonabletime:(i)afterthesellerkneworoughttohaveknownofthebreach;or(ii)aftertheexpirationofanyadditionalperiodoftimefixedbythesellerinaccordancewithparagraph(1)ofarticle63,orafterthebuyerhasdeclaredthathewillnotperformhisobligationswithinsuchanadditionalperiod.article65(1)ifunderthecontractthebuyeristospecifytheform,measurementorotherfeaturesofthegoodsandhefailstomakesuchspecificationeitheronthedateagreeduponorwithinareasonabletimeafterreceiptofarequestfromtheseller,thesellermay,withoutprejudicetoanyotherrightshemayhave,makethespecificationhimselfinaccordancewiththerequirementsofthebuyerthatmaybeknowntohim.(2)ifthesellermakesthespecificationhimself,hemustinformthebuyerofthedetailsthereofandmustfixareasonabletimewithinwhichthebuyermaymakeadifferentspecification.if,afterreceiptofsuchacommunication,thebuyerfailstodosowithinthetimesofixed,thespecificationmadebythesellerisbinding.chapterivpassingofriskarticle66lossofordamagetothegoodsaftertheriskhaspassedtothebuyerdoesno
tdischargehimfromhisobligationtopaytheprice,unlessthelossordamageisduetoanactoromissionoftheseller.article67(1)ifthecontractofsaleinvolvescarriageofthegoodsandthesellerisnotboundtohandthemoverataparticularplace,theriskpassestothebuyerwhenthegoodsarehandedovertothefirstcarrierfortransmissiontothebuyerinaccordancewiththecontractofsale.ifthesellerisboundtohandthegoodsovertoacarrierataparticularplace,theriskdoesnotpasstothebuyeruntilthegoodsarehandedovertothecarrieratthatplace.thefactthatthesellerisauthorizedtoretaindocumentscontrollingthedispositionofthegoodsdoesnotaffectthepassageoftherisk.(2)nevertheless,theriskdoesnotpasstothebuyeruntilthegoodsareclearlyidentifiedtothecontract,whetherbymarkingsonthegoods,byshippingdocuments,bynoticegiventothebuyerorotherwise.article68theriskinrespectofgoodssoldintransitpassestothebuyerfromthetimeoftheconclusionofthecontract.however,ifthecircumstancessoindicate,theriskisassumedbythebuyerfromthetimethegoodswerehandedovertothecarrierwhoissuedthedocumentse
mbodyingthecontractofcarriage.nevertheless,ifatthetimeoftheconclusionofthecontractofsalethesellerkneworoughttohaveknownthatthegoodshadbeenlostordamagedanddidnotdisclosethistothebuyer,thelossordamageisattheriskoftheseller.article69(1)incasesnotwithinarticles67and68,theriskpassestothebuyerwhenhetakesoverthegoodsor,ifhedoesnotdosoinduetime,fromthetimewhenthegoodsareplacedathisdisposalandhecommitsabreachofcontractbyfailingtotakedelivery.(2)however,ifthebuyerisboundtotakeoverthegoodsataplaceotherthanaplaceofbusinessoftheseller,theriskpasseswhendeliveryisdueandthebuyerisawareofthefactthatthegoodsareplacedathisdisposalatthatplace.(3)ifthecontractrelatestogoodsnotthenidentified,thegoodsareconsiderednottobeplacedatthedisposalofthebuyeruntiltheyareclearlyidentifiedtothecontract.article70ifthesellerhascommittedafundamentalbreachofcontract,articles67,68and69donotimpairtheremediesavailabletothebuyeronaccountofthebreach.chaptervprovisionscommontotheobligationsofthesellerandofthebuyersectioni.anticip
atorybreachandinstalmentcontractsarticle71(1)apartymaysuspendtheperformanceofhisobligationsif,aftertheconclusionofthecontract,itbecomesapparentthattheotherpartywillnotperformasubstantialpartofhisobligationsasaresultof:(a)aseriousdeficiencyinhisabilitytoperformorinhiscreditworthiness;or(b)hisconductinpreparingtoperformorinperformingthecontract.(2)ifthesellerhasalreadydispatchedthegoodsbeforethegroundsdescribedintheprecedingparagraphbecomeevident,hemaypreventthehandingoverofthegoodstothebuyereventhoughthebuyerholdsadocumentwhichentitleshimtoobtainthem.thepresentparagraphrelatesonlytotherightsinthegoodsasbetweenthebuyerandtheseller.(3)apartysuspendingperformance,whetherbeforeorafterdispatchofthegoods,mustimmediatelygivenoticeofthesuspensiontotheotherpartyandmustcontinuewithperformanceiftheotherpartyprovidesadequateassuranceofhisperformance.article72(1)ifpriortothedateforperformanceofthecontractitisclearthatoneofthepartieswillcommitafundamentalbreachofcontract,theotherpartymaydeclarethecon
2020
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